Explain the potential effect on nasopharynx or oropharynx development if substance abuse occurs during the first trimester of pregnancy  During a routine examination of a 3-month-old infant, the mother becomes concerned because her child will not turn his head toward a sound.

Substance abuse during the first trimester of pregnancy can have significant effects on nasopharynx or oropharynx development. Exposure to substances such as alcohol, drugs, and tobacco can lead to decreased fetal growth, increased risks for preterm labor and delivery, birth defects affecting the head and face areas including malformations in the structures that form the oropharynx or nasopharynx. This could result in a delay in normal development such as not being able to turn his head towards a sound at 3 months old. Babies exposed to these substances may also have impaired hearing due to damage done by these toxins.

It is important that mothers-to-be are aware of the potential effects of substance abuse during pregnancy and take steps to ensure they are providing their baby with a healthy start in life. If there is any concern about potential delays or other issues related to development it is important that parents seek advice from their doctor who can assess whether further tests are necessary.