Asthma is a chronic respiratory disease characterized by inflammation and narrowing of the airways. In asthma, the immune system overreacts to allergens, irritants, or respiratory infections, triggering an inflammatory response in the airways. The inflammation causes the airways to become swollen and narrow, making it difficult to breathe.
Pneumonia can worsen asthma symptoms and increase the risk of asthma attacks. Pneumonia is an infection that inflames the air sacs in the lungs, leading to cough, fever, and difficulty breathing. Pneumonia can trigger asthma exacerbations by further narrowing the airways and increasing inflammation.
Assessment information pertinent for the patient with asthma includes the patient’s medical history, current symptoms, triggers, medications, and the frequency and severity of asthma attacks. Pulmonary function tests, such as spirometry and peak flow measurements, can help assess the severity of asthma and monitor treatment effectiveness. Additionally, allergy testing may be helpful in identifying specific allergens that trigger asthma symptoms.
Lab work or diagnostic tests appropriate for managing asthma may include arterial blood gas analysis to assess oxygenation and acid-base balance, and a chest X-ray to rule out other respiratory conditions.
Pharmacologic agents that are appropriate for managing asthma include short-acting beta-agonists (SABAs) for acute symptoms, inhaled corticosteroids for long-term control, and leukotriene modifiers for symptom management. Bronchodilators, such as SABAs, are used to relax the airway smooth muscles and improve breathing. Inhaled corticosteroids reduce airway inflammation and are effective in preventing asthma attacks. Leukotriene modifiers prevent inflammation by blocking the action of leukotrienes, which are inflammatory mediators.
Specific nursing interventions for asthma patients include teaching patients to identify and avoid triggers, proper use of inhalers and other medications, and monitoring for signs and symptoms of asthma exacerbation. In addition, patients should be educated on when to seek medical attention and how to manage asthma attacks at home. Nurses can also provide emotional support and education to patients and their families to help manage the chronic nature of asthma.