Describe the pathophysiology of gout.

Gout is a type of inflammatory arthritis that results from the deposition of uric acid crystals in the joints and surrounding tissues. Uric acid is a waste product produced when the body breaks down purines, which are naturally occurring substances found in many foods and human cells. Normally, uric acid is dissolved in the blood and excreted through the kidneys. However, in people with gout, the body produces too much uric acid, or the kidneys cannot excrete it efficiently, leading to the formation of uric acid crystals.

When these crystals accumulate in the joints, they trigger an inflammatory response by the immune system, causing pain, swelling, and redness. Over time, repeated episodes of gout can lead to joint damage and chronic arthritis. Gout most commonly affects the big toe, but it can also occur in other joints, such as the ankles, knees, and elbows. Risk factors for gout include obesity, high blood pressure, diabetes, kidney disease, and a diet high in purines.