Advanced pharmacology quiz 3 | Nursing homework help
- Mechanisms of action and effects of loperamide (Imodium) for treating diarrhea: Loperamide is an antidiarrheal medication that works by slowing down the movement of the intestines, reducing the frequency of bowel movements and the amount of fluid lost. It binds to opioid receptors in the intestinal wall, which leads to decreased intestinal motility and increased absorption of water and electrolytes. The physiological effects include decreased diarrhea, less fluid loss, and a reduction in abdominal cramps.
- GERD, treatments, contraindicated medications: GERD is a condition where the stomach acid flows back up into the esophagus, leading to symptoms such as heartburn, regurgitation, and difficulty swallowing. Treatments for GERD include lifestyle changes (e.g., weight loss, avoiding trigger foods), medications that reduce stomach acid production (e.g., proton pump inhibitors, H2 receptor blockers), and surgery in severe cases. Medications that would be contraindicated in GERD patients include aspirin, NSAIDs, and bisphosphonates, as they can worsen symptoms by irritating the esophagus.
- Topical tretinoin for acne, patient education: When using topical tretinoin for acne, patients should be advised to apply a pea-sized amount to the affected area, avoiding sensitive areas such as the eyes and mouth. They should also use sunscreen during the day to protect the skin from increased sensitivity to sunlight, and avoid waxing or other hair removal techniques that can irritate the skin. It is important to note that tretinoin may cause skin irritation and peeling, but this is expected and can be managed with moisturizers and gradual increases in application frequency.
- Topical penciclovir (Denavir) for herpes labialis, mechanism of action and patient education: Penciclovir is an antiviral medication that works by preventing the replication of herpes simplex virus (HSV) in infected cells. It inhibits the viral DNA polymerase enzyme, which is necessary for the virus to replicate. Patient education should include applying the cream to the affected area every two hours during waking hours for 4 days, avoiding contact with others to prevent transmission, and washing hands frequently. Patients should be advised that while penciclovir can reduce the duration and severity of cold sores, it does not cure the underlying viral infection.
- Mechanisms of action and first-line treatments for peptic ulcer disease with positive H. pylori test: Peptic ulcer disease with a positive H. pylori test is caused by a bacterial infection that damages the lining of the stomach or duodenum. The first-line treatment involves using a combination of antibiotics (e.g., clarithromycin, amoxicillin) and proton pump inhibitors (e.g., omeprazole, lansoprazole) to eradicate the H. pylori infection and reduce acid production. This allows the ulcer to heal and prevents it from recurring.
- Mechanisms of action of drugs used to treat glaucoma and negative mechanism of action: Betaxolol ophthalmic drops are a beta-blocker medication that works by reducing the production of aqueous humor (the fluid that fills the eye), which can increase intraocular pressure in glaucoma patients. The negative mechanism of action that patients should be counseled on is that beta-blockers can cause systemic effects such as decreased heart rate and blood pressure, which may be a concern for patients with certain medical conditions.
- Untoward effects of calcium carbonate antacids and patient education: Calcium carbonate antacids can cause side effects such as constipation, diarrhea, and bloating. Patients should be advised to take these medications as directed, avoid taking more than the
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