Urinary Function:
Introduction: Ethics in nursing is the moral principles that guide the nursing practice. Nursing ethics involves the moral obligations that nurses have to their patients, colleagues, and society. In nursing, ethics is an essential aspect of providing care to patients. It is imperative that nurses uphold ethical principles when providing care to patients. This paper will analyze a case study on Mr. J.R., who was admitted to the hospital with gastroenteritis and possible renal injury.
Possible Types of Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) and Clinical Manifestations: There are three types of AKI: prerenal, intrinsic, and postrenal. Prerenal AKI occurs when there is decreased blood flow to the kidneys. Intrinsic AKI occurs when there is damage to the kidneys. Postrenal AKI occurs when there is obstruction in the urinary tract that prevents urine flow. Mr. J.R.’s clinical manifestations suggest that he has intrinsic AKI. He has a fever, nausea with vomiting and diarrhea for 48 hours, weakness, dizziness, and a bothersome metallic taste in the mouth. The patient is pale and sweaty. He had been well until two days ago, when he began to experience severe nausea several hours after eating two burritos for supper. The burritos had been ordered from a local fast-food restaurant. The nausea persisted, and he vomited twice with some relief. As the evening progressed, he continued to feel “very bad” and took some Pepto-Bismol to help settle his stomach.
Risk Factors: The risk factors that Mr. J.R. might have are:
- Advanced age: Mr. J.R. is 73 years old, and age is a significant risk factor for AKI.
- Preexisting medical conditions: Mr. J.R. may have had preexisting conditions such as hypertension, diabetes, or heart disease, which can increase the risk of AKI.
- Medications: Mr. J.R. may have been taking medications that can cause AKI, such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or diuretics.
- Dehydration: Mr. J.R. has been experiencing diarrhea and vomiting for 48 hours, which can lead to dehydration, a risk factor for AKI.
Complications of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) on Hematologic System: The complications that Mr. J.R. might have on his hematologic system due to CKD are coagulopathy and anemia. CKD can cause coagulopathy due to abnormalities in platelet function and fibrinolysis. This condition increases the risk of bleeding and thrombosis. CKD can also cause anemia due to the reduction in erythropoietin production, which leads to decreased red blood cell production.
Pathophysiologic Mechanisms Involved: The pathophysiologic mechanisms involved in coagulopathy and anemia due to CKD are as follows:
- Coagulopathy: CKD can cause platelet dysfunction and decreased fibrinolytic activity, which leads to coagulopathy. This condition increases the risk of bleeding and thrombosis.
- Anemia: CKD causes a reduction in erythropoietin production, which is responsible for the production of red blood cells in the bone marrow. The reduction in erythropoietin production leads to a decrease in red blood cell production, which results in anemia.
Reproductive Function:
Introduction: In nursing ethics, providing care to patients with genitourinary infections or sexually transmitted diseases requires confidentiality and informed consent. In this case study, Ms. P.C. presents with lower abdominal pain, nausea, emesis, and a heavy, malodorous vaginal discharge. This paper will analyze the case