Describe the stages of chronic kidney disease, and summarize the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, evaluation, and treatment.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a progressive condition that can cause irreversible damage to the kidneys over time. The various stages of CKD are defined by glomerular filtration rate (GFR), which measures the amount of blood filtered by the kidneys in one minute, and range from G1 (normal or mildly reduced GFR) to G5 (end-stage kidney failure).

The pathophysiology of CKD involves a gradual loss of nephrons within the kidneys resulting in decreased ability to filter toxins as well as excrete waste products and excess water. Clinical manifestations depend on stage but may include edema, fatigue, nausea, anemia, confusion and poor appetite.

Evaluation consists of objective testing such as urinalysis and imaging studies while treatment focuses on slowing progression through lifestyle modifications like following a low sodium diet or engaging in regular physical activity. Medications can also be used to manage symptoms such as high blood pressure or anemia while dialysis may be necessary for more severe cases when kidney function has declined too much for other methods to effectively help.

Overall, although CKD cannot be cured it is still important to monitor closely with regular visits as early detection can make all the difference when it comes to managing its long-term effects.