Describe the ethical issues that led to the malpractice case and explain why the issues are credited with causing the incident.

The ethical issues that led to the malpractice case were a lack of communication between the surgeon and patient, as well as a failure to obtain informed consent prior to performing the surgery. The lack of communication meant that the patient was not fully aware of the potential risks involved in having the procedure done. Additionally, by not obtaining informed consent before performing surgery, the surgeon violated an ethical code of conduct which requires doctors to confirm any medical decisions with their patients. These ethical issues are credited with causing the incident because had proper protocols been followed, it is likely that this incident could have been avoided.